Smithsonian Libraries

Art & Science: Twins Separated at Birth?

As an art librarian, I was expecting to feel a little like a fish out of water at the Biodiversity Heritage Library’s (BHL) Life and Literature conference held at the Field Museum in Chicago.  However, the intrinsic relationship between Art and Science was a recurring theme explored by over 120 attendees from across the globe who gathered to focus on the future of BHL.

Naturgeschichte in Bildern : mit erläuterndem Text / Von Professor Dr. Strack. Lief. 4. (Heft 33-56). Fische.
Düsseldorf :Arnz & Co.,[1819-1826]biodiversitylibrary.org/item/37422

Having scanned over 35 million pages (and counting) of scientific texts documenting life on earth, BHL is transforming how scientists do research.  Within these millions of pages are thousands of illustrations, which served as scientific documentation before the invention of photography.  Paging through these texts, it becomes clear that Art and Science have been inseparable from the beginning, each informing the other as they developed.  Serving as evidence, we find many rare botanical and zoological texts in art libraries, collected for artists and designers who look to nature for inspiration. Now artists can look to BHL in much the same way including new digital advantages such as access to more images from anywhere at anytime.  

BHL is working to make these images more discoverable, especially for non-science communities.  In the meantime, they have gathered thousands of illustrations at BioDivLibrary’s Photostream on Flickr.  Organisms can be browsed by Kingdom such as Birds, Fish, Mammals, etc.  

 

Now Art needs to join in this effort to help connect Art and Science in the world of digital scholarship.  From an Art History perspective, I have long been jealous of Science's ability to develop advanced research tools using the latest technologies, from electronic journals to online databases.  How can the Arts create similar resources, and why do they seem to trail behind?  

Aside from fund raising abilities and the importance society places on different areas of study, I attributed much of this discrepancy to the unique nature of each discipline.  The heavily visual and subjective nature of art can make it difficult to organize.  Artwork cannot be cataloged based on how many legs it has or weather or not it grows hair.  Art requires human interpretation, which is full of gray areas, which makes cataloging art difficult.  

Richard Pyle’s eye-opening talk explaining the complicated world of taxonomy, in a way a non-taxonomist can understand, made me realize how Art and Science actually share similar cataloging challenges.  I had mistakenly thought that life sciences had it easier when it came to organizing information because they have this great taxonomic system introduced by Linnaeus in 1735 that continues to be used by scientists today.   If only art history had such a system, maybe it too could transform research by creating a resource like BHL for art.  But after learning from Pyle how difficult it is to name a fish, identifying an art movement did not seem as daunting anymore!

When naming a fish, one must consider the whole history of names that came before it. As new discoveries are made, fish get named, renamed, and renamed again by different people throughout time.  Trying to keep track of all these names and their histories is an enormous challenge involving several global initiatives.  The Linnaean taxonomy that I was envious of quickly turned into a cataloging nightmare far worse than those caused by Library of Congress’ subject headings.  

I can no longer excuse Art from the world of advanced digital scholarship because it lacks a structured taxonomy, instead, I’m feeling relieved that it does not have one and like a hurdle I thought was there has been removed!

The BHL conference made it very clear that by creating stronger connections between Art and Science through linked data and other emerging technologies we can open new doors just as scientific illustrations paved the path for new discoveries centuries ago.

 

http://collection.cooperhewitt.org/view/objects/asitem/id/181626

The Future of Information Alliance

The Smithsonian, along with nine other organizations, is a founding partner of the Future of Information Alliance. FIA, hosted by the University of Maryland, is described by co-director Ira Chinoy as a "thinktank without walls", interested in fostering interdisciplinary discussions of the role of information in our lives.

 

FIA stickers from Launch Week.

 

From November 14th-18th, the University of Maryland held a weeklong launch for the FIA, with five brainstorming discussion sessions. I was happy to be able to attend two of these sessions, "Visiting Future-ists" and "Creativity and Culture". Both sessions featured "future-ists" Dan Russel, director of user happiness for Google, Mary Czerwinski, from Microsoft's VIBE group, and Abdur Chowdhury, former chief scientist at Twitter. In the first session, the future-ists described their own work and the opportunities and challenges they saw in information. In the second session, the future-ists were joined by several University of Maryland faculty members to discuss the role that creativity could play in innovation and information. Other sessions over the week were "Transparency and Boundaries" and "Science in Our Lives". 

 

Dan Russell, Mary Czerwinski, Abdur Chowdhury. Photo by Evan Golub.

Courtesy of FIAumd on Flickr.

 

Both of the sessions that I attended included lively discussion. In the "Visiting Future-ists" meeting, Dan Russell noted that only 10% of English-speaking web users were aware of the Ctrl+F feature used to search a document or web page. This worried many people in the audience. When someone asked the panel how to bridge a tech divide like this, Mary Czerwinski posited that the problem isn't teaching people, the problem is that Ctrl + F is a poor user interface and isn't intuitive.  Another interesting quote came from Abdur Chowdhury, when an audience member asked what one should do if he or she realizes the academic institution wasn't a good fit for him or her. Chowdhury responded, "It's called a 'library'".

Besides creating interesting discussion on the future of information, FIA hopes to announce a seed grant program in the next few months. Winning projects will be characterized by an interdisciplinary approach to solving real information problems. I look forward to seeing what these innovative projects may be!

Open Access Conference Notes

 

 

At the recent Berlin 9 Open Access meeting, a pre-conference session on open access publishing featured speakers who detailed the required innovations in publishing business models necessary to both make scholarship freely available and to ensure sustainability. Among the speakers was Dr. Neil M. Thakur of the National Institutes of Health. His presentation centered on an aspect of open access that I have not seen discussed before. Thakur opened with a central question of how to do more with less and he listed three options: work longer, work cheaper or create efficiencies in productivity. It was the latter (and only realistic) option that he concentrated on. Making scientific publishing more efficient requires open access to the literature but for reasons that have previously been overlooked.

In the past, advocates for the open access to scholarly literature have emphasized two audiences which suffer for lack of access to literature: scientists who work at under-funded organizations and who are unable to afford increasingly high subscriptions to scholarly journals, and motivated citizen-scientists (sometimes patients with debilitating diseases) who take it upon themselves to learn the technical language of their area of interest but who are locked out of a large body of literature due to a lack of resources to pay.

 

But Thakur brings in a third and until now ignored audience: machines. The development of natural-language computer processing and text-mining services is going to be increasingly useful in science in the near future. Because most researchers now face an information-glut rather than an information-scarcity, it is more and more important for them to be able to scan and review large bodies of publications which cannot be covered by simple linear readings. So this time-scarcity problem can be addressed by making the text of scientific publications open to machine processing and interpretation in order to allow scholars to quickly review publications both past and current based on the frequency of certain terms, their proximity to one another and other algorithms. This machine-to-machine access to scholarly literature is a productivity multiplier, Thakur said in his presentation.

A second presentation was by Peter Binfield from the Public Library of Science (PLoS). This is one of the most accomplished open access publishers using the business model where the author pays an article processing charge. In addition to this new way of doing the business of publishing, in recent years a new journal, PLoS One has become the largest journal, publishing over 6000 papers in 2010*. (Binfield expects to publish more than 15,000 in 2011). Despite the high volume, this journal publishes only papers of sound scientific quality and all manuscripts are peer- reviewed as with any other scientific journal. The key difference is that there is no editorial oversight filtering submissions based on popularity or widespread appeal of the subject matter; no matter the topic, if the science is done properly and it passes review by other scientists, it can be published in PLoS One. This model has become so popular that it has spawned a number of imitators from both commercial and non-profit publishers and Binfield pointed out that most of them have article processing charges nearly identical to PLoS One ($1350)

Interestingly, PLoS One was assigned an Impact Factor^® by Thomson Reuters in 2010 and although the Binfield says that PLoS doesn’t particularly care for the Impact Factor^® as a useful measure of scientific achievement, the inclusion of the journal in this popular metric probably explains the spike in submissions during 2011.

 

*According to Smithsonian Research Online data, Institution scholars have published more than 65 items in PLoS One including 25+ in 2011.

Notes from the LITA National Forum: Linked Open Data

On September 30, two of the Smithsonian Institution Libraries' staff attended the American Library Association's LITA (Library and Information Technology) National Forum. The three-day conference was titled "Rivers of Data, Currents of Change". Although it was not explicitly defined, there was a common thread of conversation surrounding Linked Open Data throughout the conference.

For this reason, the presentation given by the Smithsonian Libraries' digial projects librarian Keri Thompson and lead developer Joel Richard, along with Trish Rose-Sandler of the Missouri Botanical Garden, was well-received. Titled "Building the New Open Linked Library: Theory and Practice," the talk gave a high-level overview of the redesign of the Libraries' website, a brief summary of Linked Data, how the Libraries' website redesign centers around the concept of Linked Open Data, and some of the unique things that happen when open data is made available on the web, specifically with the Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL).

Keri Thompson gave a summary of where our website is today and a very concise overview of the types of content we have. She also gave a brief introduction to Linked Open Data to help get the audience up to speed, since only about half were familiar with the concept.

Joel Richard talked about implementing Linked Data in Drupal 7 and one in-depth example of the data we are planning to put online. The data set provided Taxonomic Literature 2 (or TL-2) is a database of botanists, their publications and detailed information about their contributions to botany and is being digitized by the Libraries'. He also discussed how we are mapping the TL-2 data to the Linked Open Data model, and challenges that we foresee in this development.

Trish Rose-Sandler discussed and presented examples of the new and unique types of things that people can do when we make our data available on the web. These included repurposing BHL content as well as new visualizations of data that were impossible before BHL. 

Overall, the presentation was well-attended with between 50 and 60 people in the audience and a number of good questions posed after the presentation and in subsequent days at the conference. Fortunately the Libraries' talk occurred early in the conference and it was good to see that Drupal and Linked Data were mentioned in a number of talks throughout the conference, including the closing keynote presentation by Barbara McGlamery, a Taxonomist at Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia. The Libraries' staff plan to attend the 2012 LITA National Forum in Columbus, OH to follow-up on our experiences as we build the Digital Library in the upcoming months.

View the Powerpoint slides of the presentation from the ALA Connect Site.